The first laparoscopic cholecystectomy dates back to 1985. Today it is the most common laparoscopic procedure with millions of cases performed worldwide every year.

Laparoscopy has been a routine component of many general surgical procedures since the late 1980s.

The last three decades have witnessed a progressive evolution in the surgical treatment of esophageal achalasia, with a shift from open to a minimally invasive Heller myotomy.

Diverticular disease, once common among elderlies, is becoming a growing concern for the youngest part of the population. This lecture provides an overview of the disease natural history and treatment options, focusing on the many open issues surrounding this pathology.

Flexible endoscopy is likely to play a central role in surgery. This is especially true for the treatment of diseases within or close to the gastrointestinal tract.

This lecture covers the latest developments in transanal flexible robotic systems describing the latest technological developments with a special focus on the lecturer experience with the only clinical approved device.

Making surgery safe and reproducible is one of the major goals of surgical innovation. This lecture describes the need assessment process and the technical solution developed to solve the problem of  surgical navigation for abdominal surgery.

From the barber shops to modern operating rooms, surgery has seen a big evolution and a wide fragmentation in different specialities.